The Acquisition, Use, And Disposition Of School Property

THE ACQUISITION, USE, AND DISPOSITION OF SCHOOL PROPERTY by MICHAEL LOONEY A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Department of Educational Leadership, Policy, and Technology Studies in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2009 Copyright Michael Looney 2009 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT This study examines the historical development of case law pertaining to the acquisition, use, and disposition of school district property. The study includes an analysis of 84 court cases involving litigation from a variety of states and court jurisdictions. The cases briefed in this study are clustered into subtopics to include the general authority of school districts to acquire, use, and dispose of real property in accordance with applicable federal or state laws. iii DEDICATION As with most worthy intellectual pursuits, this research study took an extraordinary amount of time and effort to complete. There were many occasions when completion seemed an impossibility; however, with the help of loved ones the starts, stops, and stalls eventually yielded the product here enclosed. My wife Gina championed my cause. She was patient, but persistent in her support. In my absence she assumed the role of mother, father, and study coach. In short, she has bee n an incredible friend and partner in this process for which I will always be thankful. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are manyShow MoreRelatedTX2 exam7040 Words   |  29 Pagesa Canadian private corporation, was wound up during the year. In the winding-up, it transferred a depreciable property to a shareholder with whom it was dealing at arm’s length. The property had a capital cost of $65,000 and a fair market value of $22,000. It was the only property in the class, which had an undepreciated capital cost of $50,000. What is the capital cost of the property for the shareholder? 1) 2) 3) 4) c. $22,000 $28,000 $50,000 $65,000 In 2009, Prairie Inc., whichRead MoreJJT2 Social Responsibility Task 1 WGU Essay4315 Words   |  18 Pagesproduct differentiation, moral commitment to the economy, and cost savings. Environmental analysis is a method managers can use to gather outside information on current issues and trends and turn that information into actions that minimize threats and take advantages of new opportunities. Many corporations use the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) to farm out guidelines and use them in their own business. 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There is about 62,200 victims of violent crimes one percent of them use guns as self defense and another 20,000 are use guns to protect property. Around fifteen million gun owners participate in sporting events. In 1993, 18.5 million gun owners attended sporting events(â€Å"Gun Control†). Gun Control started in the 1930s with the National Firearm Act of 1934Read MoreEssay on Belk - the Extended Self Concept1840 Words   |  8 Pagesneighbourhood contributes to sense of self to the degree that a person feels control over them. Functions and property of individual are taken over by institutions such as government and school. The trauma isn’t present in voluntary disposition of possessions; we gladly neglect or dispose of possessions that are inconsistent with our image of self. But involuntary disposition (disposition is forced) will bring sorrow. Involuntary losses = loss of self= just after we attempt of self-restorationRead MoreFederal Income 10th Ed Outline Essay9529 Words   |  39 Pages Income Tax Outline GROSS INCOME -  § 61 - income from whatever source derived. A.  § 1.61-1(a) - GI means all income from whatever source derived, unless excluded by law. GI includes income realized in any form, whether in money, property or services. B. Cesarini v. U.S. - Found $ in piano. Filed return claiming $. Filed claim for refund. See outline 1. Filed action in District Court since tax already paid, claiming refund. Taxpayer argued (p. 43): a) Not gross income within  §61. b)Read MoreBasic Finance2034 Words   |  9 PagesFinance has a close relationship to a number of other business disciplines. It is important that we understand why a finance major needs these other skills and abilities.   Lets take them one at a time: 1. Economics  provides the theory that finance uses.   The field of finance is a very new discipline, beginning formally around 1920.   Before that, financial problems were referred to as economic problems or (even earlier) problems in political economy.   During the 1920s, finance broke away from

Culture affects Domestic Violence Essay - 857 Words

Domestic violence is the act of violence or abuse against a person living in one’s household, especially a member of one’s immediate family (Dictionary.com). I believe that domestic violence is affected by culture. In many communities, domestic violence is not a big topic, but to many women in different cultures; it is an event many women deal with everyday. Domestic violence is more common in other cultures and culture can affect women’s rights. Throughout many cultures around the world, domestic violence is present among their communities, and even the domestic violence rate in America is higher than other cultures that have respect for women’s rights, such as Spain. In foreign cultures there is a higher domestic violence rate, such as†¦show more content†¦Also, women who are living through domestic violence feel they have lost all of their rights. In places such as the Philippines, where women have fewer rights than women in America there is a high presence of domestic violence. When the country that a woman lives in doesn’t acknowledge that their rights are being violated, some may feel like they can’t avoid domestic violence. Young girls who are exposed to domestic violence have a greater chance of becoming involved in an abusive relationship when they are older (Safe horizon). The women in the Philippines go through physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Many women are beat and sexually abused, mostly from their husbands. There are a number of reasons why they go through the abuse, a few are that they cannot get away from the abuse, they feel they aren’t worthy of anything better, or they think it is normal for the abuse to occur. Women’s rights in the Philippines are not respected as the men’s rights are (U.S. Department of State). The women living in cities in the Philippines formed th e Philippine Women Commission (PWC) to help women who are suffering from domestic violence and abuse from men (U.S. Department of State). 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Some people view domestic violence as unjust and cruel, yet many see it as a form of power and control over another. Domestic violence plays a key role in different societies around the world as it is becoming a social norm. Domestic violence frequently begins when one partner feels the need to control the other. This feeling is sprouted from several factors such as jealousy, low self-esteem, and difficulties in regulatingRead MoreEssay On Domestic Violence871 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic Violence Essay Domestic violence refers to violence, abuse and intimidation between people who are or have been in an intimate relationship. The perpetrator uses violence to control and dominate the other person. This causes fear, physical harm and/or psychological harm. Domestic violence is a violation of human rights, (the White Ribbon Australia). The domestic violence abuse includes sexual, verbal, physical, emotional, financial and psychological abuse. 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That is not the case; there are other populations that are effected as well. When people are victims of such acts, they are more likely to develop some type of disorder as well as other issues. AlthoughRead MoreWomen During The Hispanic Culture Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesWomen in the Hispanic culture grow up with strong ties to their values, norms and how they were raised by their families. Parents instill a â€Å"machismo† and familism ideology into the upbringing of these women (Fuchsel, 2012). â€Å"Machismo† is a term to describe what is acceptable and expected of men (Fuschel,2012). Familism is, â€Å"the subordination of the personal interests and prerogatives of an individual to the values and demands of the family† (dictionary.com). An example of â€Å"machismo† is that it isRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence859 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence occurs in all economic, ethnic, and social backgrounds of every society of the world. In Canada, 546, 000 men suffer from domestic violence; that equates to 6% of the male population (Family Violence). The number of women who are victimized through intimate violence total around 653, 000; that equates to 7% of the female population (Family Violence). The amount of abuse being directed towards men is essentially the same amount that is directed towards women. However, the familyRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children And Children852 Words   |  4 Pagesthey can call home for as long as needed. We at Stop the Violence You Are Not Alone-CCMG want to raise awareness about Domestic Violence. Furthermore, we want to help women and children across the Chicago area with a goal of expanding nationwide.(lets start nationwide†¦) As a Domestic Violence survivor, I want to create an atmosphere where women and children feel safe. Many women don’t realize the danger that they are in. Domestic Violence is the control of one partner over another inRead MoreDomestic Violence Affects Women Health1399 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom domestic violence every day, from physical, emotional, and even verbal abuse. Violence towards women is very important because it can cause a huge impact on women’s health and can even get as serious as death. So many women are getting some form of abuse and aren’t aware of how serious it can be. The problem that I will be discussing is how domestic violence affects women health. When previously taking Women’s Studies and Intro to Women’s Health, this problem was discussed. Domestic ViolenceRead MoreGender And Gender Violence1482 Words   |  6 PagesGender-based violence is the unequal power relationships between men and women. It includes rape, sexual assault and harassment, domestic abuse, and stalking. Gender violence reflects the idea that violence is often used to uphold structural gender inequalities. Gender violence includes all types of violence against men, women, children, gay, lesbian, and transgender people. Gender violence may be experienced differently based on the social variables of race, age, gender, social class or another

Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (C.R.N.A.) Free Essays

Imagine having a career that truly has a positive impact on others even from the beginning of your duties. A specialized nurse called a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist or C.R. We will write a custom essay sample on Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (C.R.N.A.) or any similar topic only for you Order Now N.A. knows this feeling well. This type of nurse is able to administer anesthesia to patients having surgical, dental or medical procedures to prevent the patient from having any pain during the procedure. To become a nurse anesthetist a registered nurse must complete more extensive training and testing. Patients typically are happy to see anesthetist knowing they will keep them from experiencing any pain www.uta.edu/nursing/BaylorAweb/anesth.htm). The nurse anesthetist has many responsibilities while on duty. One of the most important aspects of the anesthetist is balancing the depth of sedation. If a patient receives too much anesthesia medicine they can have trouble breathing and may need to be put on a ventilator. If the patient does not receive enough medicine they may end up feeling the pain of their surgery. Another important role of the nurse anesthetist is to teach the patient and their family things they need to know regarding their condition. During a procedure the nurse anesthetist must closely watch the patient for any signs or symptoms of impending danger and respond quickly to keep the patient stable. The nurse must always monitor and record the condition of the patient as well as the vital signs before, during and after the surgery. At the end of the surgery the anesthetist needs to monitor the patient until the effects of the anesthesia wear off. Sometimes the anesthetist will give the patient a medication that will reverse the effects of the anesthesia (www.uta.edu). Nurse Anesthetist 2 The nurse anesthetist can have a great impact on how the patient feels about the care they receive. The obvious impact that a nurse anesthetist has on a patient is freedom from the fear of pain. This is a great relief for the patient which will in turn encourage the patient to cooperate in their care. Having a nurse anesthetist is cost effective when compared to an anesthesiologist which is a medical doctor who also has had training in anesthesia. To apply the concept of Neuman’s System Model a nurse anesthetist needs to be able to communicate clearly with the patient. If the patient understands details of his or her treatment they are more likely to cooperate. This model explains that mental health is not stuck in one spot but is on a pole which can move toward or away from wellness. To keep stress as low as possible, three levels of prevention are used. Primary prevention is used before symptoms happen. Secondary prevention is when symptoms are present. This helps build a defense by bringing the surface resources that usually were not required. Tertiary prevention looks at the return of the patient’s wellness. This is done by building on the client’s strengths. All three levels are meant to cause reduced stress and increase wellness (www.geocities.com). Nurses happened to be the first group of professionals to administer anesthesia in the United States. The AANA is an association that represents nurse anesthetists across the world. The association was formed in 1931 and currently represents about 28,000 CRNA’s (www.aana.com). Nurse Anesthetist 3 Many nurses are attracted to this profession for many reasons. One large difference from a registered nurse and a nurse anesthetist is the pay. On average a nurse anesthetist can usually earn double the income of the registered nurse. More money is needed however for education because there is at least two more years of schooling to take to become a nurse anesthetist but the payoff will be well worth it. Many nurses are intrigued by the never ending learning. Anesthesia is still somewhat a mystery to scientists and there are new discoveries being made every day. Many people in the medical profession enjoy lifelong learning and this happens to be one of the professions that can provide never ending questions. Many nurses still get great satisfaction from having a good relationship with their patients. It can feel very rewarding to ease a patients worries regarding surgery. A confident nurse anesthetist can reassure a worried patient that she will be watched and taken care of closely. The amount of responsibility also is one of the reasons that being a nurse anesthetist is such a fulfilling career. There are many other people in the room during surgery but the anesthetist has the responsibility to monitor the patient’s consciousness and to adjust as needed. The patient may be on a ventilator temporarily so the airway needs close attention. Due to the fact that anesthesia can have an effect on vital signs the nurse anesthetist much watch for changes closely. All in all the responsibilities of this career are many and demanding but having the chance to make such a direct impact on someone’s life is a privilege. The gratitude you may receive will become the icing on the cake. Nurse Anesthetist Running Head: Nurse Anesthetist The Role and Responsibilities of the Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist I. Introduction a. define CRNA b. training requirements II. Role and Responsibilities III. Impact of the Profession IV. Neuman’s System Model V. Desirability of the Profession Work Cited 1. (www.aana.com), Qualifications and Capabilities of the Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist, retrieved 05/20/2007. 2. (www.geocities.com), Neuman’s System Model, retrieved 05/20/2007. 3. (www.uta.edu/nursing/BaylorAweb/anesth.htm), Nurse Anesthetist, retrieved 05/20/2007. How to cite Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (C.R.N.A.), Essay examples

Reform free essay sample

Think about the causes of success and failure for particular movements. What causes some to become widely appealing and have major impacts on change? What causes others (regardless of the validity of their concerns) to simply wither away in the dustbin of history? Can you think of some that have evolved into stable organizations without much impact on social change? Can you identify others that have become stable enterprises of sorts, constantly selling T-shirts and other emblems without doing much?I think what causes some reforms to be more appealing than others is simply the interest of the citizens. What they want and were they see the country moving toward at the time. The only thing that I can think of that has currently come into play as a business or dispensary is the whole issues with marijuana, and whether or not to make it legal. Here in San Diego there has been an influx of medical marijuana dispensaries. We will write a custom essay sample on Reform or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I don’t know that it’s something that is stable but, it definitely has been impacting social change.Medical marijuana also attracts businessmen. California dispensaries possess great potential on the market. However, you need to have a license before you establish a dispensary and it entails several steps. Also that, medical marijuana state laws (which differs from each state) strictly implements some general rules on starting dispensary business. California allows anyone with a doctor’s recommendation to use medical marijuana, whatever their health condition. Critics claim dispensaries are often no more than drug trafficking fronts.Assignments To complete this assignment, go to this weeks Assignment link in the left navigation: Getting Involved What kinds of people tend to become involved in movements, as contributors, elders, or sympathizers? Why do you think they became involved? Has a movement organization ever asked you to donate money or time to work for a cause? Did you? Why or why not? For those you found appealing, were there barriers to your participation? What are some contemporary movements you find repulsive? Why? Two- to three-pages.

Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People Essay Example

Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People Essay R Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young people. A case study discussing the application and analysis of theories applicable to the psychological care of and child and their family. A case study discussing the application and analysis of theories applicable to the psychological care of and child and their family. I’m going to discuss a case study of a child named Jake. The name has been changed to comply with NMC confidentiality (Nursing and Midwifery Council 2012). Jake is four, and has been admitted to hospital due to a head injury. He also suffers from Asthma. The story behind this accident is vague and this family had previously contact with social services for child protection issues and the suspicion of abuse. This essay will consider the psychological effects this abuse may have on Jake; it will not discuss the actual reporting of the abuse. Jake is at an age where he requires psychological support and interaction to enable his development; Piaget demonstrated this though his Theory of Cognitive Development. Piaget believed that children go through a multiple number of stages of development and move from one stage to another once they achieve specific developmental milestones (Oakley 2004). This is backed up by Ericson’s stages of psychosocial development. He believed each stage of development has a specific conflict that the child has to overcome before moving to the next stage. If a child is unable to successfully overcome a particular conflict, the child will remain stuck at that stage until they are able to resolve that issue (Shaffer 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Issues in the Health Care of Children and Young People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is thought that in order to move through these stages children need stimulation, encouragement and love from those around them. This will allow them build their trust, confidence and sense of security overall helping them successfully develop psychologically, in the form of social skills, cognitive and emotional development. In this case Jake may not have had the opportunity for this development due to possible neglect and abuse. He is less likely to be encouraged and may be anxious and insecure with a lack of trust in all adults. This means he may not thrive and will be ‘stuck’ at Piaget and Ericson’s development stages (Wadsworth 2004). There are many psychological theories and explanations that can be applied to this case with Jake, due to these disruptive and uneasy first few years of his life. Jake is very likely to have experienced a lot of stress. Stress can be defined as physical, mental, or emotional factor that affect the functioning of the body (Weller 2009). It becomes a problem when stress reactions are so severe that the child is unable to handle them effectively, which could apply to Jake. This stress experienced from abuse starts as a daily hassle, but can lead to more long term chronic stress (Thomas 2007). Jake is currently experiencing both types of stress, firstly due to the chronic stress of abuse and secondly the additional stress of coming into hospital. Being only four he is not old enough to manage stress or understand what he’s going though, therefore it’s likely to have a huge effect on him and his development as he can’t manage it effectively. At this age, this stress response allows the child to gain control in the short term yet not manage the long term stress. He is likely to express extreme behaviors in order to cope including, withdrawal, denial and impulsive acting out. These are defense mechanisms, which are ineffective in the long term, and lead to a more extreme way to cope, this could be shown by, panic, depression, self-harm and refusal to play with his peers (Kostelnik 1998). This is the type of coping mechanism a boy of Jake’s age is likely to express. Stress is said to be divided into three different ‘types. Positive stress, this is experienced in everyday life and is essential for development such as meeting new people or going to a new school. Tolerable stress causes more distress but is short lived, such as the death of a loved one. The third is toxic stress; this is what Jake is experiencing as a result of the abuse he is experiencing. If toxic stress is sustained over a long period of time the stress response system gets activated for the equivalent amount of time. This can lead to permanent changes in the development of the brain. Toxic stress is caused by abuse or neglect. (Shonkoff 2000). Biological Psychologists have also found a correlation between toxic stress and bodily development (National Scientific Council on the Developing Child 2004). Examples of this include impairment of the brain circuits, which can result in a smaller brain size, as well as the hormones released due to toxic stress damaging parts of the brain responsible for memory and learning. In Jakes case, this type of stress he is experiencing could influence his learning and development as he goes into adulthood, however, this is a correlation; cause and effect cannot be established (Middlebrooks 2008). Stress can have a large influence on the health of the child. A stressed child will firstly show outward signs of stress, these will include being upset, crying, whilst having little trust in adults. Stress is also likely to have an influence upon development including children’s physical, psychological, emotional well-being as well as their ability to concentrate and learn (Thomas 2007). Jake’s behavior shows that he is experiencing anxiety; so he is therefore expressing symptoms such as nausea, racing heart rate and muscle pain. It is known that the long term effects of anxiety can also influence his immune system, this is due to the levels of stress hormones released (Glaser 2008). His body is constantly in the ‘fight or flight’ mode, which is due to the level of stress hormone corticosteroids and adrenaline being released. This focuses the body’s attention away from systems, including the immune system, making him more susceptible to illness (Selye 1997). The physical abuse and limited nurturance that Jake is experiencing could also be linked to chronic impairment; this could explain why Jake has asthma. A study carried out by Coogan found childhood abuse causes stress that leads to â€Å"physiological consequences. † The stress of living in an abusive situation takes a toll on the body, specifically on the immune system and on airway development; this is evident in Jakes case (Coogan 2006). This stress is likely to also influence Jakes social development, which is an important development stage for a boy of Jakes age. If Jake has been neglected, his parents may have not helped him develop social skills and taught him how to interact with others, this will influence his speech development. When he starts school, this will have a big impact on his ability to interact with peers and teachers. It will also influence his ability to have friendships and learn to play with others as he is unable to interact with them. Jake is likely to get frustrated which could lead to signs of aggression as this is what he thinks is the ‘correct’ way to act towards others due to this early experience of abuse (Haskett 1999). Jakes role model will be his primary care givers of who are also likely to be his abusers. Even in this situation Jake will want to ‘be like’ these role models, unfortunately they are not showing him the correct way to behave. Their behaviors will be expressed by Jake too, which will lead to serious social problems. He will also be confused when he is told his behavior is not correct, as he doesn’t known any different, this can be frustrating for him and could lead to him becoming violent and in the long term effect his education (Smith 2004). As a result of Jakes poor development, he is likely to under-achieve in school and subsequently to have a low income as an adult. As a consequence of this he is also likely to have children at a very early age, and provide poor health care, nutrition and stimulation to his children, therefore contributing to poverty and further poor development. Research has also found that he is likely to demonstrate this abusive behavior onto his own children (World Health Organization 2009). The long-term effects of stress have been widely researched by psychologists. However, it is difficult to determine whether childhood stress was the route cause. The Nature/Nurture debate by Darwin is relevant to the impact of childhood experiences. Darwin questions whether the stress experienced during childhood lead to consequences in adulthood (Nurture) or if genetic makeup and traits have an impact (Nature) (Paris 2005). The long-term effects of stress were researched by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. They looked into the link between childhood stressors and adult health. They conducted a study on adverse childhood experiences (ACE), including abuse and neglect. They interviewed 170,000 participants and around one third stated they experienced an ACE during their childhood. The ACE Study uses the ACE Score; this calculated the total number of ACE respondents reported. The ACE Score is used to assess the total amount of stress during childhood as the number of ACE increase, the risk of health problems increases. Health problems include alcohol abuse, cardiac problems, depression and teenage pregnancy (Middlebrooks 2008). Children react to stress and learn to cope in many ways, including: defense mechanisms, such as denial, regression, withdrawal and impulsive acting-out. These stress responses can allow the child to temporarily gain a sense of control or balance. However, these defense mechanisms are generally not productive in the long-term and can lead to more serious stress responses, including, panic, self-harm and refusal to play with their peers (Kostelnik 1998). Therefore, support from the parents is necessary for children to learn how to respond to stress in a physically and emotionally healthy manner. Another appropriate theory in relation on Jake is attachment theory. This is referred to as the innate strong emotional bond between an infant and primary care giver (PCG), which is present in the long-term. Attachment is an important process, as children’s physical, emotional, and psychological development depends on attachments formed with the PCG. While the supply of food, clothing, and shelter is important, it is not enough to promote development. Loving care and attention are also needed if children are to grow into adults capable of forming healthy relationships with others. Attachment is the basis for a child’s understanding of themselves, the world and the people in it. This theory was developed by John Bowlby in 1969. This bond starts to form from birth and is usually with the child’s mother or father (Walker 2002). In the case of Jake, he is less likely to have formed this type of attachment with his parents. Children who have been abused have usually also experienced neglect and rejection. They have not formed the emotional bond due to not receiving positive care and attention from them, as they are punished or hurt by the people they spend most of their time with. Chronic experiences like this result in fear and insecurity, which then undermine the child’s ability to form attachment, as well as the child linking the attachment figure to pain and injury (Prior 2006). The attachment bond has several key elements. Attachment is turning to PCG to protect us and to manage our feelings, fears, anxieties, and distress as well as being a ‘safe base’. The loss or threat of loss of the person evokes distress. This first bond is thought by psychologists to form a working framework for future relationships. A successful relationship with the PCG during infancy will affect future relationships, whereas a poor relationship with the PCG during infancy is linked to emotional and behavioral problems later in life (Perry 2010). Mary Ainsworth looked into Bowlbys Attachment theory in more depth; she divided attachment up into different types and studied the effect this had on their psychological health and relationship formation, as well as how children responded to their PCG. The study involved observing children between the ages of 12 to 18 months responding to a situation in which they were briefly left alone and then reunited with their mother (Ainsworth, 1978). Ainsworth concluded that there were three major styles of attachment: secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment. These early attachment styles have an influence upon behaviors in later life (Colin 2000). In the case with Jake, he is likely to be in the category of insecure-avoidant attachment to his PCG. In the strange situation an insecure-avoidant child will fail to develop any feelings of security from the attachment figure. Accordingly they exhibit difficulty moving away from the attachment figure to explore surroundings. When distressed they are difficult to soothe and are not comforted by the PCG. This is due to the extreme lack of trust in the PCG as well as not getting responsive, nurturing, consistent care in the early weeks and months of their lives They don’t know how to receive this reassuring care in a distressing situation, which is how Jake is likely to respond in this situation (Crittenden 2001). However this study was in an artificial environment so has low ecological validity, as well as it only showing the attachment towards one PCG, whom may not be the main attachment figure, the unusual environment may influence the child’s behavior also. For Jake multiple problems are likely to arise due to this disordered attachment in early life. Some issues are obvious such as development delays, such as language development, social behaviors and cognitive development, this is due to the early bond between child and PCG is not present which is a vital for development. Emotional functioning is usually also disordered in abused children, they maybe ‘too loving’ and hug virtual strangers, this is likely to be ‘safety seeking’ behavior to try to avoid further abuse (McPherson 2002). Children also mirror adult behavior. In this case of abused children, such as Jake, the children learn that this behavior is the ‘correct’ way to interact with others, causing problems in current and future social encounters. Another major problem with these children is aggression; this is thought to be due to lack of empathy and poor impulse control. Children like Jake do not understand others have feelings and the impact their actions may have on others. They are also likely to hurt animals, smaller children and siblings due to wanting the hurtful control their PCG has over them (Kail 2006). Based on current evidence, it is important that when children like Jake come into the healthcare setting they receive the appropriate care both physically and emotionally to make sure they are safe and their experience of coming into hospital causes as little distress as possible. Empathy and consideration should be expressed by the nurses looking after him. They need to meet his needs yet be careful ad he is likely to be hostile and have a lack of trust in any adults. He is also going to be unable to verbalize his feelings as well as adults can, due to not having their words to describe his fears and worries. Nurses need to take this into account and use different ways to allow Jake to discuss his worries, for example though play. Jake is also unable to take positive action towards managing stress when it arises, nurses should strive to relive this stress wherever possible and offer initiatives such as counseling to the children like Jake to help reduce this stress. Whilst Jake is in hospital it is important to reassure him he isn’t being punished for being ill. He may think that he has done something wrong, which is why he has been taken from his home and adults may be hurting him by the forms of injections and medication. This needs to be explained to Jake, so he gains trust in the medical staff, this can be done by making his time in hospital enjoyable and getting him involved. A new initiative has also been realized which teaches healthcare staff how to recognize children who come in suffering from abuse or neglect. This will help them build up a better picture of what is happening in the child’s life so they can alert social services if they think something might be wrong (Poulter 2012). In conclusion Jake’s situation has raised many psychological concerns about how his development is being influenced by his abusive relationship with his parents. This stress he is experiencing and the complicated attachment he has to his parents could also lead onto other psychological problems such as depression, social problems and maybe even become a risk to his health as well as extensive development problems. Nurses should work as part of a multi-disciplinary team with social services and Jakes parents to help protect Jake and his future. Ainsworth (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Solution. New Jersey: Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication . p. 45. Colin (2000). Human Attachment. 2nd ed. London: Temple University Press. p. 47-48. Crittenden. (2001). Child maltreatment and attachment theory. Available: http://www. patcrittenden. com/include/docs/Crittenden_Ainsworth_1989. pdf. Last accessed 25th March 2013. Haskett (1999). Social interactions and peer perceptions of young physically abused children.. North Carolina : Medline. p. 14. http://www. cdc. gov/ncipc/pub-res/pdf/childhood_stress. pdf Kail (2006). Human Development- A life span view. 6th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth. p. 6-9. Kostelnik (1998). Guiding childrens social development. New York: Delmar Publishers . p. 49. McPherson. (2002). A literature review of the psychological effects of child maltreatment. Available: http://www. cyc-net. org/cyc-online/cycol-0302-mcpherson. html. Last accessed 25th March 2013. Middlebrooks. (2008). he Effect of Stress on Brain Development in Childhood. The Effects of Childhood Stress on Health Across the Lifespan. 1 (2), p3-4. National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2004). Young Children Develop in an Environment of Relationships: Working Paper 1. http://www. developingchild. harvard. edu Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2012). Confidentiality. Available: http://www. nmc-uk. org/Nurses-and-midwives/Advice -by-topic/A/Advice/Confidentiality/. Last accessed 11th March 2013. Oakley . (2004). Piagets theory of cognitive development . In: Flanagan and Banyard Cognative Development . Sussex: Routledge. p. 13-20. Paris (2005). Nature and Nurture in Psychology. London: British Library Cataloging in Publication Data . p16. Patrica Coogan. (2006). Abuse During Childhood Linked to Adult-Onset Asthma. Available: http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2012/12/121207133240. htm. Last accessed 7th March 2013. Perry. (2010). What is Attachment. Bonding and Attachment in Maltreated Children. 1 (2), p. 3. Poulter. (2012). New child abuse alert system for hospitals . Available: http://www. dh. gov. uk/health/2012/12/abuse-alert-system/. Last accessed 25th March 2013. Prior (2006). Understanding Attachment Attachment Disorders. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 35-40. Ronald Glaser (2008). Human Stress Immunity. London: Academic Press. p. 189. Selye. (1997). Psychology and Stress. Available: http://www. guidetopsychology. com/stress. htm. Last accessed 7th March 2013. Shaffer. (2005). Ericsons Stages Of Development. In: Sordi and LeedsSocial and Personality Development. 6th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth. p. 41-46. Shonkoff. (2000). Preventing Toxic Stress In Children. Available: http://www. project-syndicate. org/commentary/preventing-toxic-stress-in-childr

Constructing a Dissertation

Constructing a Dissertation Free Online Research Papers Constructing a Dissertation Introduction The overall structure of a dissertation, and the weight given to various parts, should be a personal decision otherwise dissertations would be depressingly formulaic. There are some useful guidelines and structural principles which you can use to guide your decisions use these guidelines as suggestions only. Plan the structure of your dissertation with your personal tutor reasonably early next year this will help establish the goals of your work. With a good structural plan you will be able to produce useful drafts of sections at many points through the year, enabling you to make progress when other aspects of your work get stuck. Standard Components. Some components of a dissertation are standard, and have to appear in some guise in whatever structure you choose. Here are the most common: title page and declaration (regulation) introduction/overview methodology and research design theoretical background/literature survey analysis of results conclusions/future directions references/bibliography appendices glossary (?) There are also standard components for the more formulaic types of dissertation such as a software construction project or a methodologically-guided analysis, note that these always end with an analysis section appropriate to the investigation which overlays the analysis of results in the list above: A software construction project might contain: design goals highlights of construction process: design/code/test (structured around whatever life- cycle was used) evaluation of software against goals A methodologically-guided analysis might contain: organisation and its problems operation of methodology: investigation/ modelling/ improved design (structured around whatever methodology was used) recommendations to organisation Similar standard components might apply in the case of standard experimental or investigative processes such as the evaluation of a user interface using a well-defined approach. A Closer Look at Some Components. introduction/overview: used to orient someone who is approaching your work blind (your dissertation is written for an intelligent peer, who doesnt know the specifics of your work) should be written in a clear tutorial style, you are trying to give someone insight and motivation, convincing them that your problem is interesting and worthwhile you are saying how your problem arises, for whom it is a problem, and what you think might be done about it this can be built around your research question and hypothesis, formulated in the RM workbook its a carefully-explained expansion of it methodology and research design: you are setting out your plan of campaign, what you intend to do about your problem, how you are going to answer your research question using established methodologies and a well-designed strategy this is a careful statement of intent which the reader will see fulfilled in the remainder of the dissertation this isnt just setting out a chosen analysis method or lifecycle model, its your entire approach (of which specific methods are a part) this can be built around the corresponding section of the RM workbook again, its a carefully-explained expansion of it theoretical background/literature survey: your work will be based on a reading of background theory which an intelligent peer cannot be expected to have done, this section provides a summary this section sets out the foundation for the content-specific sections which are to come this section should be built around explanations, quotations and references; there should be enough information for someone to reconstruct your thought processes the language of this section should be scholarly and precise, you are trying to compress a lot of thought into a small space this section can be written anywhere, perhaps in the Xmas vacation when you have time for quiet reflection(!) make sure you have the books or photocopies to do so some research books give the impression that literature surveys must be complete, and give recognition to all previous work. For an undergraduate, that is hardly realistic; we will be very content with evidence of broad reading and serious intent analysis of results: not just a presentation, but a logical analysis of what you have found out explain the significance of your results and draw precise technical conclusions from them the kind of analysis carried out depends on the domain of the investigation and the kinds of results obtained it might range from precise quantititative analysis to an informed, discursive analysis this analysis is the rounding off of your methodology and research design section where all that planning pays off conclusions/future directions a summing-up of what you have achieved, not precise technical conclusions (they should have come earlier) can be written in a personal, reflective style; say what you have learned, what you might have done and didnt, how you think the work might be developed in the future, etc. a sort of mirror image of the overview and method sections, reflecting on whether you think your question was well-chosen and your overall strategy sound, how you might have refined them dont feel constrained to be up-beat, the most is often learned from poorly-framed questions and flawed strategies, honesty and realism are key. references/bibliography: references, list all of the works referred to in the text, using some standard system (the library produces a leaflet I would suggest the Harvard system) bibliography, list general background reading which you did, but which you did not reference specifically in the text dont list works just for the sake of it, but a healthy list (20-30 entries at the very least, more for the kind of wide-ranging studies that might occur in the more cultural reaches of multimedia, or the more socially-engaged parts of IS) should be the natural outcome of well-conducted research (this also applies in technical areas such as a software construction project) appendices: self-contained units of background information, referenced in the main body of the text may be complex diagrams or tables, fragments of interview or survey data, test results, etc. you should never place anything explanatory or orginal in an appendix but it can be a useful repository if you have exceeded the permitted word count glossary: might be useful if you are writing in a technical area with many acronyms Research Papers on Constructing a DissertationOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemMind TravelInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

Examine the view of British Class and society that Lindsay Anderson Essay

Examine the view of British Class and society that Lindsay Anderson provides in the films If....(1968), O, Lucky Man (1973) and Britannia Hospital (1982) - Essay Example He later wrote for Sight and Sound, a journal for the British Film Institute and the New Statesman, a left wing weekly. He lashed at contemporary critics and their objectivity pursuit in one article for Sights and Sounds. Anderson went on to develop a philosophy concerning cinema, which was christened the Free Cinema movement in the latter part of the 1950s. This philosophy held that cinema in Britain needed to break off from the class-bound attitudes it projected and that the national screens needed to be adorned with stories of non-metropolitan Britain. This paper seeks to examine three of Anderson’s films: â€Å"If...†, â€Å"O, Lucky Man†, and â€Å"Britannia hospital† and the view of British class and society that they provided. The use of the word new wave to describe cultural phenomena is a vital metaphor that when extended and scrutinised further allows one to picture the deep up currents and swellings that formed the wave (Allon, 2007 p7). These films challenged the old norms and were driven by an amalgam of social-democratic and liberal sentiments, which can ironically be viewed as a portion of the success of the economic boom in Britain that allowed the era’s youth to dream, in relatively secure economic mind-frames, about futures other than those that had been held as the norm. Perhaps a perfect example is If†¦, which came at the tail-end of the New Wave’s phase of social realism and had a nature that was ambiguous in both its recognition of a rapidly changing and expanding British future and its style, both in technique and theme. After his vital role in the Free Cinema movement development, he was involved integrally in the social realist filmmaking of the British New Wave (Anderson et al, 2007 p45). His movie This Sporting Life, based on flashbacks, was viewed as having too much intensity and purely naturalistic. In 1968, Anderson made